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West Virginia Recording Laws (2026): One-Party Consent Rules

Independently fact-checkedEditor-reviewedLaw current as of November 1, 2026By Recording Law Editorial TeamReviewed November 2, 202611 min read

Independently fact-checked against primary sources (last audited November 1, 2026). · Reviewed by the RecordingLaw editorial team. · Law checked current as of November 1, 2026. · 15 primary sources cited on this page. How we verify our legal content

West Virginia Recording Laws (2026): One-Party Consent Rules

West Virginia is a one-party consent state under W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(e). If you are a party to a conversation, you may record it without telling anyone else, unless your purpose is criminal or tortious. If you are not part of a conversation and no participant has consented, recording it is a felony under § 62-1D-3(b) and a civil wrong under § 62-1D-12.

West Virginia recording law at a glance

QuestionAnswer
Consent ruleOne-party consent
Main statuteW. Va. Code § 62-1D-3
When recording is illegalRecording a conversation you are not part of without a participant's prior consent, or recording for a criminal or tortious purpose
Criminal penaltyFelony: up to 5 years prison, up to $10,000 fine, or both
Civil remedyActual damages (floor: $100 per day of violation), punitive damages, attorney fees
Hidden camerasMisdemeanor (first) / felony (subsequent) under § 61-8-28
Recording policeLivestreaming a police traffic stop is First Amendment-protected speech under Sharpe v. Winterville (4th Cir. 2023)

For a deeper look at how these rules play out in specific situations, see the West Virginia recording laws in depth section below.

West Virginia lets a participant record a call or conversation without telling others; recording talk you are not part of without consent is a felony with up to 5 years in prison.
Being in the conversation, or having a participant's consent, makes audio recording legal in West Virginia. Hidden cameras and cross-state calls add rules.

Recording in-person conversations in West Virginia

Under W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(e), any participant in a face-to-face oral communication may record it without informing anyone else. The key proviso: the recording must not be made for the purpose of committing a criminal or tortious act. That proviso is doing real work. Recording a conversation to document harassment for an HR complaint is lawful. Recording the same conversation to extort the other party flips the analysis entirely.

"Oral communications" under § 62-1D-2 are spoken words uttered under circumstances where the speaker reasonably expects not to be intercepted. The statute covers conversations in private settings; it does not protect public statements made where no reasonable expectation of privacy exists. The same one-party rule applies to wire communications (phone calls) and electronic communications (VoIP, text messages, email), making West Virginia's consent framework consistent across all communication types.

The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals added a state-constitutional layer in State v. Mullens, 221 W. Va. 70, 650 S.E.2d 169 (2007). Where the government is involved, Article III, § 6 of the state constitution bars police from sending a wired informant into a private home without prior judicial authorization, even though the informant satisfies one-party consent under § 62-1D-3. That holding is a state-action rule only. Private citizens recording their own conversations are governed solely by § 62-1D-3(e) and are not affected by Mullens.

West Virginia a small audio recorder and over-ear headphones resting on a stack of legal documents

Recording phone calls in West Virginia

The one-party consent rule applies equally to phone calls. A West Virginia resident who is a party to a call on any technology (landline, cell, VoIP) may record it without notice. Section 62-1D-3(e) draws no distinction between face-to-face and remote communication.

Cross-state calls to Maryland or Pennsylvania require extra care. Both states are all-party consent jurisdictions, and courts have not settled which state's law governs an interstate call. Some courts apply the law of the place where the recording is made: a Pennsylvania appeals court applied New York's one-party rule to a call recorded in New York (Commonwealth v. Larrison, 2000), and the District of Columbia's highest court upheld a one-party recording made in D.C. of a person in Maryland (Thomas v. United States, 2017). Maryland still keeps such recordings out of its own courts (Mustafa v. State, 1991). Because the answer is uncertain, check both states' rules. If you are calling from West Virginia to a Maryland or Pennsylvania number, treat the call as requiring all-party consent and either announce the recording at the start or get affirmative consent before you begin. Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky are all one-party states, so calls between those states and West Virginia stay on one-party footing.

Businesses recording customer-service calls from West Virginia can rely on § 62-1D-3(e) as a single-party participant, but should build all-party protocols into any calls routed to or from Maryland or Pennsylvania. The FCC's old carrier "beep tone" rule under 47 C.F.R. § 64.501 was removed effective November 20, 2017 and is no longer a live requirement.

For more detail, see the West Virginia Phone Call Recording Laws sub-page.

West Virginia a dome security camera in the corner of an office ceiling

Hidden cameras, doorbells, and nanny cams

Visual-only recording is governed by W. Va. Code § 61-8-28, not the wiretap statute. Section 61-8-28 makes it unlawful to knowingly visually portray another person without that other person's knowledge while that person is fully or partially nude in a place where a reasonable expectation of privacy exists. It also reaches downstream distribution: anyone who displays or distributes images they know to have been unlawfully captured commits a separate offense.

Penalties escalate by offense:

OffenseClassificationMax prison / jailMax fine
First offenseMisdemeanor1 year county jail$5,000
Second or subsequentFelony1 to 5 years state correctional facility$10,000

On your own property, you generally may install video-only security cameras in public-facing and common areas without consent. West Virginia has no general law listing rooms where a camera may not be placed. The limit is § 61-8-28: knowingly recording someone without their knowledge while they are fully or partially nude in a place where they would expect privacy is a crime, which makes a hidden camera in a bathroom, changing area, or guest bedroom a serious criminal risk.

Employers are separately barred by § 21-3-20 from electronic surveillance in employee restrooms, shower rooms, locker rooms, dressing rooms, and lounges. A doorbell camera aimed at a shared driveway or public sidewalk is lawful.

An important audio caveat: any camera that captures audio conversations falls under the wiretap statute at § 62-1D-3 in addition to § 61-8-28. If no participant in the captured conversation consented, both provisions can apply simultaneously, stacking criminal exposure.

For more detail, see the West Virginia Voyeurism Laws and West Virginia Security Camera Laws sub-pages.

Penalties for illegal recording in West Virginia

Criminal. Violating § 62-1D-3 is a felony. Each act of unlawful interception, disclosure, and use is a separate count. A person who records a call between other people without either one's consent, sends the recording to a third party, and then uses the contents in litigation can face three counts from a single underlying interception.

Civil. § 62-1D-12 creates a parallel civil cause of action. The statute floors damages at $100 per day of violation, so a sustained surveillance campaign accrues mechanically. Punitive damages and attorney fees are available on top of actual damages.

TrackDetails
Criminal offense classFelony (no class-letter grading; penalty capped directly)
Max prison5 years
Max fine$10,000
Statute of limitationsNone for felonies under § 61-11-9
Civil damages floor$100 per day of violation
Civil punitivesYes, at court's discretion
Civil attorney feesYes

There is a complete civil and criminal defense: good-faith reliance on a facially valid court order or legislative authorization, per § 62-1D-12. That defense protects telecom providers executing on valid wiretap orders. It does not help a private party who recorded without consent and later claims to have misunderstood the law.

West Virginia recording penalties run from employer fines of $500 to $2,000 under 21-3-20 to felonies with up to 5 years for illegal interception or a repeat hidden-camera offense.
Illegal interception and a repeat hidden-camera offense are felonies in West Virginia. A first hidden-camera offense is a misdemeanor.

Section 62-1D-12 does not set its own filing deadline, so the general limitations statute, W. Va. Code § 55-2-12, supplies one. In Slack v. Kanawha County Housing and Redevelopment Authority (1992), a case about a listening device hidden in an employee's office, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals held that an invasion-of-privacy claim must be filed within one year under § 55-2-12(c), counted from when the victim knew, or reasonably should have known, of the injury and who was responsible.

No West Virginia appellate court has decided whether a statutory claim under § 62-1D-12 takes that one-year period or the two-year personal-injury period. A one-year deadline may apply, so plan on filing within one year of discovering the recording.

West Virginia laptop showing a video call grid with anonymous silhouette tiles

Recording the police in West Virginia

West Virginia sits in the Fourth Circuit. The leading Fourth Circuit case is Sharpe v. Winterville Police Department, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023), which recognized that livestreaming a police traffic stop is speech protected by the First Amendment and let the claim against the Town over its alleged no-livestreaming policy proceed on remand. The individual officer, however, received qualified immunity because the right was not clearly established at the time of the 2018 stop, and the court did not decide the broader bystander-recording question.

For West Virginia residents, Sharpe means that livestreaming a police traffic stop is speech protected by the First Amendment. The court agreed that recording police encounters creates information that contributes to discussion about governmental affairs, but it held that Sharpe lacked standing to seek a declaration of a general right to record police officers in the public performance of their duties. A municipal policy barring people from livestreaming their own traffic stop restricts protected speech, so the government bears the burden of justifying it under First Amendment scrutiny, a burden the Town had not carried at the pleading stage in Sharpe. The right is not absolute: the court stressed that "not all regulation of protected speech violates the First Amendment," and it remanded the case for further proceedings on the Town's policy.

On the body-worn camera question: West Virginia has no statewide statutory mandate for police body cameras. Deployment is agency-by-agency. Do not cite W. Va. Code § 15-2-1a as authority, since that section was repealed in 1990. Public access to any existing body-cam footage flows from the general state Freedom of Information Act, W. Va. Code Chapter 29B, subject to standard exemptions including the personal-information and ongoing-investigation exemptions.

For a detailed guide, see West Virginia Laws on Recording Police.

Special topics in West Virginia

Workplace recording: § 21-3-20, Stericycle, and NLRB GC 25-07

West Virginia employees may record workplace conversations they participate in under the general one-party consent rule. W. Va. Code § 21-3-20 carves out a hard prohibition: no employer (public or private) may use electronic surveillance in restrooms, shower rooms, locker rooms, dressing rooms, or employee lounges. An employer or agent who violates that section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction, is fined $500 for a first offense, $1,000 for a second, and $2,000 for a third or subsequent offense. That prohibition stacks with § 62-1D-3 criminal exposure for any audio captured in those areas.

Under Stericycle, Inc., 372 NLRB No. 113 (Aug. 2, 2023), a blanket "no recording on company property" policy is presumptively unlawful under Section 8(a)(1) of the NLRA because it tends to chill employees' Section 7 rights to document wages, safety conditions, and harassment. Employers can rebut that presumption only with a narrowly tailored policy tied to a legitimate and substantial business interest. NLRB General Counsel Memo GC 25-05 (February 14, 2025) rescinded about 30 earlier General Counsel memos, including GC 23-02 on electronic monitoring of employees. A General Counsel memo cannot overrule a Board decision, so Stericycle remains the Board's standard for judging workplace rules, though the current Board has signaled it may revisit it. In a June 25, 2025 memo (GC 25-07), the Acting General Counsel told regional offices to treat secretly recording collective-bargaining sessions as an unfair labor practice. That is enforcement guidance, not a Board ruling, and it does not address ordinary workplace conversations.

For a detailed analysis, see West Virginia Workplace Recording Laws.

AI-generated intimate images: § 61-8-28a and 2025 SB 198

W. Va. Code § 61-8-28a prohibits the nonconsensual disclosure (or threat of disclosure) of intimate images with intent to harass, intimidate, or coerce the depicted person. As of July 9, 2025, the statute also reaches AI-generated "fabricated intimate images" of an identifiable person after 2025 SB 198 (signed April 24, 2025). Penalty tiers: misdemeanor on first offense (up to one year, fine of $1,000 to $5,000), felony on subsequent offenses (up to three years, fine of $2,500 to $10,000). West Virginia has no enacted standalone political-deepfake statute; the 2024 and 2025 bills targeting political deepfakes all died in committee.

Federal overlay: ECPA, FCC, TAKE IT DOWN Act

18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) sets a one-party-consent federal floor; West Virginia's § 62-1D-3 sits exactly at that floor. The FCC's Declaratory Ruling 24-17 (February 2024) confirms that AI-generated voices in outbound robocalls are "artificial or prerecorded" under TCPA and require prior express consent. In January 2025 the Eleventh Circuit, in Insurance Marketing Coalition v. FCC, vacated the FCC's one-to-one consent rule for telemarketing calls, which the FCC had adopted in its December 2023 order (FCC 23-107). The FCC's separate February 2024 order on revoking consent (FCC 24-24) was not part of that ruling. The TAKE IT DOWN Act, Pub. L. 119-12 (2025) (signed May 19, 2025) criminalizes nonconsensual publication of intimate visual depictions including AI-generated forgeries, and requires covered platforms to maintain a 48-hour notice-and-removal process, with a platform-compliance deadline of May 19, 2026 that has now passed. West Virginia-based platforms should already have that 48-hour process in place alongside their § 61-8-28a state-law exposure.

West Virginia over-the-shoulder crop of two people seated across a small table mid-conversation

  • July 9, 2025: 2025 SB 198 takes effect, expanding W. Va. Code § 61-8-28a to cover AI-generated fabricated intimate images of adults; parallel amendments to §§ 61-8C-1 through 61-8C-3c address AI-generated child pornography.
  • April 24, 2025: Governor signs 2025 SB 198.
  • May 19, 2025: TAKE IT DOWN Act, Pub. L. 119-12 (2025) signed; criminal provisions effective immediately; platform compliance deadline May 19, 2026 (now in effect).
  • February 7, 2023: Fourth Circuit decides Sharpe v. Winterville Police Department, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023), holding that livestreaming a police traffic stop is speech protected by the First Amendment.
  • August 2, 2023: NLRB adopts Stericycle standard, making blanket workplace no-recording policies presumptively unlawful under the NLRA.

West Virginia recording laws in depth

Want to know more? Each sub-page covers a specific West Virginia recording context in greater depth.

By type of recording

By place or relationship

More West Virginia laws

This article is general legal information, not legal advice. Recording laws change and apply differently to each situation. For advice about your situation, consult a licensed West Virginia attorney.

More West Virginia Laws

Frequently Asked Questions

Is West Virginia a one-party consent state?

Yes. Under W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(e), a person who is a party to a wire, oral, or electronic communication may record it without notifying anyone else, unless the recording is made for a criminal or tortious purpose. You do not need the other party's permission to record a conversation you are part of.

Can I record a phone call in West Virginia?

Yes, if you are on the call. Section 62-1D-3(e) applies equally to landline, cell, and VoIP calls. If you are calling someone in Maryland or Pennsylvania, treat the call as all-party consent: both those states require every participant to consent, and courts have not settled which state's law applies to an interstate call.

Is illegal recording a felony in West Virginia?

Yes. Unlawful interception under W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(b) is a felony punishable by up to five years in prison, a fine of up to $10,000, or both. There is no general statute of limitations on felony prosecutions in West Virginia under § 61-11-9.

What can I sue for if someone recorded me illegally?

W. Va. Code § 62-1D-12 lets you recover actual damages (minimum $100 for each day of violation), punitive damages if appropriate, and reasonable attorney fees and litigation costs. A sustained unlawful surveillance accrues the $100-per-day floor mechanically, which can grow quickly.

Are Ring doorbells and nanny cams legal in West Virginia?

Generally yes in common or outdoor areas where people have no expectation of privacy. W. Va. Code § 61-8-28 prohibits capturing images of a person who is nude or partially nude in a place where they reasonably expect privacy, so a hidden camera in a restroom, changing room, or similar private space that captures someone undressing is a crime, and employers may not use electronic surveillance in employee restrooms, locker rooms, or dressing rooms under § 21-3-20. Any camera that also captures audio implicates the wiretap statute.

Can I record my boss or an HR meeting in West Virginia?

Yes. As a one-party consent state, West Virginia allows you to record any conversation you participate in at work without telling your employer, as long as your purpose is not criminal or tortious. Your employer may have a policy against it, and violating that policy can be grounds for discipline, but Section 7 of the NLRA and the Stericycle standard may limit how broadly employers can enforce blanket no-recording rules.

Can I record the police in West Virginia?

The Fourth Circuit held in Sharpe v. Winterville Police Department, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023), that the First Amendment protects livestreaming a police traffic stop. The court noted that other circuits have addressed recording police (for example, Turner v. Lieutenant Driver in the Fifth Circuit and Fields v. City of Philadelphia in the Third Circuit), but it did not decide that broader question itself, and it held that Sharpe lacked standing to seek a declaration of a general right to record police officers in the public performance of their duties.

Does West Virginia have a deepfake law?

Partially. W. Va. Code § 61-8-28a covers nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images, and 2025 SB 198 (effective July 9, 2025) expanded it to include AI-generated fabricated intimate images of adults. West Virginia has no enacted standalone political-deepfake statute; multiple bills targeting political deepfakes died in committee in 2024 and 2025.

Updates

Corrected the civil filing deadline (a 1992 West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals decision applies a one-year period to privacy claims over hidden recording devices), narrowed the hidden-camera and illegal-recording rules to what the statutes say, described interstate calls as an unsettled question, and fixed the FCC, NLRB memo, and TAKE IT DOWN Act details.

Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes

Corrected the description of Sharpe v. Winterville Police Department to the Fourth Circuit's actual holding (livestreaming a police traffic stop is protected speech) and removed recording limits the opinion does not state.

Corrected the statutory attribution for the felony wiretap penalty to W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(b), clarified that § 21-3-20 employer-surveillance fines are criminal misdemeanor fines imposed on conviction rather than civil penalties, and restated the § 61-8-28 hidden-camera element as recording without the other person's knowledge.

Updated the TAKE IT DOWN Act discussion to reflect that the May 19, 2026 platform-compliance deadline has now passed, and replaced a dead citation link for State v. Mullens with a working CourtListener link.

Independently fact-checked against the cited primary sources; governing law re-checked for recent changes

Governing law re-checked for recent changes

Reviewed and approved by an editor

Restructured for readability: added AEO lede, at-a-glance table, and in-depth index; reorganized core consent, phone, hidden-camera, penalty, police, and special-topics sections into short scannable paragraphs; condensed workplace (§ 21-3-20, Stericycle, GC 25-07), NCII (§ 61-8-28a, 2025 SB 198), and federal overlay (ECPA, FCC 24-17, TAKE IT DOWN Act) into tight subsections; moved admissibility and PSC content to sub-pages; corrected More Laws section from Virginia to West Virginia; refreshed FAQ and UpdatesLog; all statutes, penalty tiers, and case holdings re-verified against primary sources (code.wvlegislature.gov, ca4.uscourts.gov). No substantive fact corrections found.

Refreshed for 2026: locked § 62-1D-3(e) as the current one-party-consent locus while preserving the § 62-1D-3(b)(2) verbatim quote inside the State v. Mullens (2007) syllabus; corrected penalty framing to the § 62-1D-3(b) felony cap (up to 5 years / $10,000) and confirmed no general felony statute of limitations under § 61-11-9; surfaced the § 62-1D-12 $100-per-day civil floor and noted the absence of any $1,000 minimum (distinguishing the Rhode Island analog); added the controlling Fourth Circuit livestreaming holding from Sharpe v. Winterville Police Dep't, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023), without asserting cert disposition; rebuilt the workplace section around W. Va. Code § 21-3-20 (with the $500/$1,000/$2,000 first/second/third penalty tier) plus Stericycle, GC 25-05 (housekeeping rescission only, Stericycle still controls), and GC 25-07 bargaining-session guidance; corrected body-cam framing to remove repealed § 15-2-1a and confirm public access flows from W. Va. Code Chapter 29B (general FOIA); separated § 61-8-28 voyeurism penalty tiers (misdemeanor up to $5,000 / felony up to $10,000) from § 61-8-28a NCII penalty tiers (misdemeanor $1,000-$5,000 / felony $2,500-$10,000); documented 2025 SB 198 (signed Apr. 24, 2025; effective Jul. 9, 2025) as the only enacted WV deepfake amendment, and confirmed 2024 HB 4963, 2024 HB 5516, 2024 SB 720, and 2025 SB 484 all died; updated FCC overlay to vacated one-to-one consent in Insurance Marketing Coalition (11th Cir. Apr. 30, 2025 mandate) and removed 47 C.F.R. § 64.501 (REMOVED Nov. 20, 2017) framing; added FCC 24-17 AI-voice ruling; added TAKE IT DOWN Act, Pub. L. 119 (2025) with May 19, 2026 platform compliance milestone.

Refreshed for 2026: locked § 62-1D-3(e) as the current one-party-consent locus while preserving the § 62-1D-3(b)(2) verbatim quote inside the State v. Mullens (2007) syllabus; corrected penalty framing to the § 62-1D-3(b) felony cap (up to 5 years / $10,000) and confirmed no general felony statute of limitations under § 61-11-9; surfaced the § 62-1D-12 $100-per-day civil floor and noted the absence of any $1,000 minimum (distinguishing the Rhode Island analog); added the controlling Fourth Circuit livestreaming holding from Sharpe v. Winterville Police Dep't, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023), without asserting cert disposition; rebuilt the workplace section around W. Va. Code § 21-3-20 (with the $500/$1,000/$2,000 first/second/third penalty tier) plus Stericycle, GC 25-05 (rescinded about 30 prior General Counsel memos; Stericycle still controls), and GC 25-07 bargaining-session guidance; corrected body-cam framing to remove repealed § 15-2-1a and confirm public access flows from W. Va. Code Chapter 29B (general FOIA); separated § 61-8-28 voyeurism penalty tiers (misdemeanor up to $5,000 / felony up to $10,000) from § 61-8-28a NCII penalty tiers (misdemeanor $1,000-$5,000 / felony $2,500-$10,000); documented 2025 SB 198 (signed Apr. 24, 2025; effective Jul. 9, 2025) as the only enacted WV deepfake amendment, and confirmed 2024 HB 4963, 2024 HB 5516, 2024 SB 720, and 2025 SB 484 all died; updated FCC overlay to vacated one-to-one consent in Insurance Marketing Coalition (11th Cir. Apr. 30, 2025 mandate) and removed 47 C.F.R. § 64.501 (REMOVED Nov. 20, 2017) framing; added FCC 24-17 AI-voice ruling; added TAKE IT DOWN Act, Pub. L. 119-12 (2025) with May 19, 2026 platform compliance milestone.

Added wearable recording devices section and related FAQs

Sources and References

  1. W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3 (one-party-consent exception at subsection (e); felony penalty at subsection (b): up to 5 years and $10,000)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  2. W. Va. Code § 62-1D-12 (civil cause of action: actual damages floor $100 per day of violation, punitive damages, attorney fees; good-faith court-order defense)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  3. W. Va. Code § 61-8-28 (criminal invasion of privacy / voyeurism: misdemeanor first offense up to $5,000; felony subsequent offense 1-5 years up to $10,000)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  4. W. Va. Code § 61-8-28a (nonconsensual intimate images; reaches AI-generated fabricated intimate images after 2025 SB 198 eff. Jul. 9, 2025; misdemeanor first $1,000-$5,000; felony subsequent up to 3 years $2,500-$10,000)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  5. W. Va. Code § 21-3-20 (employer electronic surveillance prohibited in restrooms, shower rooms, locker rooms, dressing rooms, and employee lounges; misdemeanor; fined $500/$1,000/$2,000 on conviction for successive offenses)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  6. W. Va. Code § 61-11-9 (no general felony statute of limitations; only perjury 3 years and misdemeanor 1 year time-limited)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  7. W. Va. Code § 55-2-12 (limitations for personal actions: two years for personal injuries, one year under (c) for actions that do not survive; Slack v. Kanawha County Housing, 188 W. Va. 144 (1992), applied the one-year period to invasion-of-privacy claims)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  8. W. Va. Code Chapter 29B (state Freedom of Information Act; governs public access to police body-cam footage; no body-cam-specific WV statute exists)(code.wvlegislature.gov).gov
  9. State v. Mullens, 221 W. Va. 70, 650 S.E.2d 169 (2007) (state constitution bars warrantless in-home wired-informant recording by police; consent proof need not be solely from consenting party)(courtlistener.com)
  10. Sharpe v. Winterville Police Department, 59 F.4th 674 (4th Cir. 2023) (livestreaming a police traffic stop is First Amendment-protected speech; Monell claim remanded)(ca4.uscourts.gov).gov
  11. 2025 Reg. Sess. SB 198 (signed Apr. 24, 2025; eff. Jul. 9, 2025; expanded § 61-8-28a to AI-generated fabricated intimate images)(wvlegislature.gov).gov
  12. 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) (ECPA one-party-consent federal floor; criminal-or-tortious-purpose proviso)(uscode.house.gov).gov
  13. FCC Declaratory Ruling 24-17 (Feb. 8, 2024; AI-generated voices in robocalls are 'artificial or prerecorded' under TCPA, requiring prior express consent)(docs.fcc.gov).gov
  14. Insurance Marketing Coalition Ltd. v. FCC, 11th Cir. No. 24-10277 (Jan. 24, 2025) (vacated the one-to-one consent rule adopted in FCC 23-107)(media.ca11.uscourts.gov).gov
  15. Stericycle, Inc., 372 NLRB No. 113 (Aug. 2, 2023) (blanket no-recording work rule presumptively unlawful under NLRA § 8(a)(1); employer must show narrowly tailored legitimate business interest)(nlrb.gov).gov
  16. TAKE IT DOWN Act, S. 146, Pub. L. 119-12 (2025) (signed May 19, 2025; criminalizes nonconsensual intimate visual depictions including AI forgeries; 48-hour platform removal obligation effective May 19, 2026)(congress.gov).gov
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