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93 articles
ACT recording laws give participants a one-party consent right under Listening Devices Act 1992 s.4(3). Learn penalties, workplace rules, deepfake laws and the Human Rights Act privacy right.
Argentina uses one-party consent for recording under Codigo Penal Arts. 153 and 155. Covers Ley Olimpia, civil remedies, police recording rights, and the 2023-2026 data protection reform.
Australia recording laws explained: the federal TIA Act 1979, Surveillance Devices Act 2004, state-by-state consent rules across all 8 states and territories, and 2024-2025 deepfake and privacy reforms.
Austria requires all-party consent for recording under StGB §120. Penalties up to 1 year. GDPR, EU AI Act deepfake rules, OGH cases, workplace law — updated May 2026.
Bahrain requires all-party consent for recording under Cybercrime Law 60/2014 and the Penal Code. Learn penalties up to BHD 100,000, PDPL rules, and compliance steps.
Bangladesh requires all-party consent for recording. Learn the rules under the Telecommunication Act 2001, Cyber Security Ordinance 2025, Personal Data Protection Ordinance 2025, and penalties.
Belgium is a one-party consent country under Art. 314bis Code pénal. Participant recording is lawful; non-participant recording carries up to 1 year prison. GDPR, voyeurism, and new Criminal Code (Sept 2026) explained.
Brazil is a one-party consent country. Any conversation participant may record without notice under STF RE 583937, Art. 10-A Lei 9.296/1996. Criminal penalties, LGPD, NCII, deepfake, and US cross-border rules covered.
Bulgaria's Constitution requires all parties know about a recording. Criminal Code Art. 171, 171a, 339a and GDPR govern penalties. Full 2026 guide.
Cameroon is all-party consent. Law 2010/012 Art. 74 criminalizes recording without consent (1-2 yrs, XAF 1-5M). Section 65 covers interception (5-10 yrs). PDPL 2024 adds 10-yr prison risk. Compliance deadline: June 23, 2026.
Canada is a one-party consent country under Criminal Code s.184(2)(a). Learn the rules for phone calls, police recording, PIPEDA, deepfakes, and cross-border calls.
Chile uses one-party consent by Supreme Court rule. Art. 161-A targets third-party intruders, not participants. Penalties up to 5 years. Ley 21.719 effective Dec 2026.
China has no blanket consent rule for recordings. Learn how PIPL, the Civil Code, and criminal law govern audio recording, wiretapping, and privacy in China.
Colombia requires all-party consent to record private communications. Learn penalties under Código Penal Arts. 192-197, the victim exception, police recording rights, Ley 2197/2022 NCII rules, and Ley 2502/2025 AI deepfake law.
Costa Rica is a one-party consent country. A participant may record any conversation without notice. Penalties for third-party interception reach 3 to 6 years under the amended Código Penal. Learn what changed in 2024-2026.
Croatia requires all-party consent under Criminal Code Art. 143. Violations carry up to 5 years prison; AZOP imposed EUR 4.5M GDPR fine in 2025. Know the rules.
Cyprus requires all-party consent to record private conversations under Law 92(I)/1996 and Criminal Code Cap. 154 s. 138. Penalties, GDPR rules, police recording, deepfakes, and TRNC explained.
Czech Republic is one-party consent under Civil Code § 88. Learn criminal penalties, GDPR obligations, the new § 191a deepfake law (Jan 2026), and workplace rules.
Denmark is a one-party consent country under Straffeloven § 263. Learn the rules for phone calls, workplaces, GDPR, police recording, and Denmark's landmark pending deepfake copyright bill (expected July 2026).
Ecuador follows one-party consent under COIP Art. 178. Covers penalties, NCII, workplace rules, the 2025 Intelligence Law, and the LOPDP data protection authority.
Egypt requires all-party consent to record calls or conversations. Penal Code Art. 309(bis), PDPL 2025 rules, CPC reforms effective October 2026, and journalism restrictions.
Estonia uses a de facto one-party consent framework under the Penal Code. Participant recording is permitted, but GDPR requires a lawful basis. Penalties up to EUR 20M for violations.
No single EU recording law exists. Each member state sets its own criminal consent rules. GDPR, the EU AI Act, and Directive 2024/1385 apply on top. Full country table, police-recording rights, deepfake obligations, and links to all 25 EU country spokes.
Finland is a one-party consent country under Criminal Code Ch. 24. Learn Finnish recording rules, GDPR obligations, NCII law, AI Act deepfake rules, and criminal penalties.
France requires all-party consent to record under Article 226-1. Penalties reach 1 year / €45,000. Covers phone calls, police, deepfakes, GDPR, and workplace rules.
Germany requires all-party consent to record conversations under StGB §201. Penalties up to 3 years. GDPR, EU AI Act deepfake rules, and more — updated May 2026.
Ghana requires mutual consent to record calls and conversations under the 1992 Constitution. Learn about the Cubagee ruling, penalties up to 10 years, and exceptions.
Greece enforces all-party consent under Penal Code Art. 370A with up to 10 years imprisonment. Covers Art. 346 NCII, Civil Code Arts. 57-59, GDPR/HDPA, and the 2026 Predator convictions.
Hong Kong is a de facto one-party consent jurisdiction. Learn how ICSO Cap. 589, PDPO, NSL 2020, SNSO 2024, and voyeurism offences apply to recording in 2026.
Hungary is an all-party consent country under Btk. § 422. Learn Criminal Code penalties (up to 5 years), Civil Code Art. 2:48, GDPR/NAIH fines, and 2025 AI Act rules.
Iceland follows one-party consent for participant recordings under Art. 228. GDPR via EEA, Art. 199a NCII and deepfake rules, penalties up to 4 years.
India follows one-party consent for recording. Learn how the Telecommunications Act 2023, DPDPA 2023, BNS 2023, IT Act, and Supreme Court rulings shape your rights.
Indonesia's participant recording consent status is legally contested. KUHP Article 258 (Jan 2026) prohibits interception without a clear participant exception. Full guide with Baiq Nuril case analysis.
Iran is effectively all-party consent for recording. The Computer Crimes Law and Islamic Penal Code impose prison terms of up to 3 years. Learn the rules, surveillance risks, and penalties.
Complete guide to Ireland recording laws: one-party consent under the 1993 Act, GDPR/DPA 2018 obligations, Garda recording rights, workplace rules, NCII offences, deepfake bills, and 2025-2026 legislative changes.
Learn how Israel's Secret Monitoring Law and Protection of Privacy Law interact on recording consent, what Amendment 13 changed, and penalties up to 5 years.
Italy allows participant recording under one-party consent rules. Learn Art. 615-bis, 617, 612-ter, the 2025 AI deepfake law, GDPR duties, and civil penalties.
Japan follows one-party consent: participants can record calls and meetings without notice. Learn the Penal Code basis, APPI rules, workplace rights, and 2025-2026 deepfake reforms.
Jordan requires all-party consent for recording. Cybercrime Law 17/2023 Article 7, Penal Code 384, PDPL 24/2023 -- penalties, press freedom impact, and compliance rules.
Kenya is a one-party consent jurisdiction in practice. Learn how the CMCA 2018, Data Protection Act 2019, and Constitution govern recording, with real ODPC enforcement cases and the 2026 BAKE ruling.
Kuwait enforces all-party consent for all recordings under Law 9/2001, Cybercrime Law 63/2015 and CITRA DPPR 2024. Penalties reach 3 years + KWD 20,000. Full guide.
Latvia follows one-party consent: participants may record calls without notice. Learn Criminal Law §§ 144-146, DVI enforcement, the 2024 deepfake law, and EU AI Act obligations.
Luxembourg requires all-party consent to record calls and conversations. Code penal, Act of 1982, Act of 2005, GDPR, and the EU AI Act all apply. Penalties up to 3 years and 20M EUR GDPR fines.
Malaysia requires all-party consent for recording calls and private conversations under the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 Section 234. Fines up to RM50,000.
Mexico follows one-party consent for recording: participants may record their own calls and conversations. Third-party interception requires a federal judicial order. Penalties reach 12 years in prison.
Morocco requires all-party consent to record conversations. Learn about Penal Code penalties, Law 09-08, CNDP enforcement, and workplace rules.
Mozambique requires all-party consent to record conversations under the Penal Code (Lei 24/2019). New Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Acts passed April 2026. Learn the rules, penalties, and press freedom risks.
Nepal requires all-party consent to record conversations under Penal Code Section 293. Violations carry up to 2 years imprisonment. Learn how the 2025 IT Act changes digital recording rules.
Netherlands allows one-party consent recording under Art. 139a-b Wetboek van Strafrecht. Learn penalties, GDPR rules, and workplace rights.
NSW requires all-party consent under the Surveillance Devices Act 2007. Penalties reach $33,000 (corporations $165,000) or 5 years imprisonment. Learn the exceptions, workplace rules, and 2026 updates.
New Zealand uses one-party consent under Crimes Act s.216B. Full guide: Privacy Act 2020, intimate visual recording, Deepfake Bill 2025, workplace rules, and penalties up to 3 years.
Nigeria is a one-party consent jurisdiction for participant recordings under common law. Learn which statutes apply, penalties under the Cybercrimes Act 2024, and NDPA rules.
NT is one-party consent: record any conversation you join under the Surveillance Devices Act 2007 (NT) s.11. Penalties, publication rules, intimate image offenses, and civil remedies. Updated May 2026.
Norway follows one-party consent under Straffeloven § 205. GDPR via EEA, workplace rules, NCII law § 267a, and AI Act status — updated 2026.
Oman requires all-party consent to record. Cybercrime Law Art. 16 sets 1-3 year prison terms; the PDPL is fully enforceable since February 2026. Learn what is and is not allowed.
Pakistan requires all-party consent to record calls and conversations under PECA 2016 and a landmark March 2026 Supreme Court ruling. Learn penalties, PECA 2025 changes, and workplace rules.
Panama requires all-party consent to record private conversations under Constitution Art. 29 and Código Penal Art. 165. Penalties up to 2-4 years. Ley 478 (2025) adds NCII offense. Full compliance guide.
Paraguay requires all-party consent to record private conversations. Codigo Penal Art. 144 carries up to 2 years prison. Learn penalties, police recording rules, and Ley 7593/2025 compliance.
Peru is a one-party consent country for recordings. Learn the rules under Codigo Penal Art. 154-A, 161, 162, Ley 29733, and Ley 32314 AI deepfake amendments. Penalties reach 15 years for illegal interception.
Philippines is an all-party consent country under RA 4200 (Anti-Wiretapping Law). Even a call participant who secretly records violates the law — up to 6 years in prison. Learn the rules for phone calls, workplaces, police, and cross-border recordings.
Poland uses a participant rule for recording: you may record any conversation you take part in. Art. 267 KK, GDPR, EU AI Act, and 2024 deepfake legislation explained.
Portugal is an all-party consent country. Article 199 Código Penal criminalizes unauthorized recording. Updated 2025: Article 192-194, GDPR, EU AI Act, deepfake law, CNPD enforcement.
Qatar enforces all-party consent for all recordings. Penal Code Art. 333, Cybercrime Law Art. 8(bis), PDPL Law 13/2016, QFC regime, and 2025 penalties explained.
Queensland uses one-party consent: a party to a private conversation may record it under s.43 of the Invasion of Privacy Act 1971 (Qld). Penalties, QLRC reform status, 2025 federal tort, and deepfake law explained.
Romania uses one-party consent: participants may record their own calls under Law 506/2004. Learn Art. 226, Art. 302, GDPR, workplace rules, and deepfake law.
Russia requires all-party consent for recording private conversations under Criminal Code Articles 137-138. Learn about the 2016 participant exception, SORM surveillance, wartime censorship laws (Art. 207.3), and penalties up to 15 years.
Rwanda requires all-party consent for recording. Law 60/2013, Penal Code 68/2018, and Law 60/2018 criminalize unauthorized interception. Penalties: 1-5 years. NCSA enforces data protection.
Saudi Arabia requires all-party consent to record under the Anti-Cybercrime Law (Art. 3): up to 1 year prison and SAR 500,000 fine. PDPL fully enforced since Sept 2024. Updated May 2026.
Senegal is an all-party consent country. Recording any private conversation without every participant's consent violates Penal Code Art. 363 bis. Penalties reach 7 years. Learn the full framework.
Singapore recording laws explained: one-party consent for individuals, PDPA obligations for organizations, voyeurism penalties, OCHA 2023, deepfake NCII, and cross-border rules.
Slovakia requires all-party consent to record any conversation. Secret recording violates Criminal Code sections 374-376 and carries up to 3 years in prison. Learn the full rules, GDPR overlay, and penalties.
Slovenia requires all-party consent to record conversations under Criminal Code Art. 137. Learn the penalties, GDPR rules, and workplace recording laws.
South Africa is one-party consent under RICA Act 70 of 2002. Learn the rules for phone, in-person, workplace, and police recordings, plus POPIA obligations, Cybercrimes Act NCII provisions, AmaBhungane ruling, and penalties up to R10 million.
South Australia requires all-party consent to record private conversations under the Surveillance Devices Act 2016 (SA). Fines up to $15,000 or 3 years imprisonment. Learn the rules.
South Korea is a one-party consent jurisdiction under the PCSA. Learn the rules, Supreme Court precedents, 2024 deepfake amendments, and PIPA compliance requirements.
Spain is a one-party consent country per STC 114/1984. Learn Codigo Penal Art. 197 penalties, LOPDGDD/GDPR rules, police recording rights, and new deepfake laws.
Sweden permits one-party consent recording under Brottsbalken Ch. 4 §9a. Full guide: GDPR, Dataskyddslagen, workplace rules, voyeurism, deepfake, AI Act, and penalties.
Switzerland requires all-party consent under StGB Art. 179bis and 179ter. Recording without permission carries up to 3 years in prison. Covers revFADP, Art. 197a NCII, deepfakes, and police filming rules.
Taiwan is one-party consent under CSSA Article 29. Learn Criminal Code Articles 315-1/315-2, Supreme Court cases, PDPC 2025, deepfake laws, and penalties.
Tanzania recording laws explained. EPOCA 2010 and Cybercrimes Act 2015 prohibit unauthorized interception with fines from TZS 5M and 12+ months prison.
Tasmania is an all-party consent state. Recording a private conversation without everyone's consent is a criminal offense under the Listening Devices Act 1991. Penalties, exceptions, and 2024 updates explained.
Thailand is a one-party consent country in practice. Learn how the PDPA, Criminal Code Sections 322-325, Computer Crime Act, and Section 112 govern recording, penalties, and evidence rules.
Tunisia requires all-party consent for recording. Law 2004-63, Penal Code secrecy provisions, and Decree-Law 2022-54 create overlapping liability. Penalties reach 10 years prison.
Turkey is an all-party consent country. TCK Articles 132-136 impose up to 5 years prison for secret recordings. Learn penalties, the Yargıtay self-defense exception, KVKK fines, and 2025 cross-border transfer rules.
UAE recording laws require all-party consent. Federal Decree-Law 34/2021 Article 44 penalties include 6+ months jail and AED 150K-500K fines.
UK recording laws explained: one-party consent under RIPA 2000, IPA 2016, UK GDPR obligations, workplace rules, voyeurism offences, and 2025 deepfake law updates.
Ukraine requires all-party consent to record private conversations. Criminal Code Art. 163 penalties reach 7 years. Martial law Art. 114-2 reaches 12 years. Learn the rules.
Uruguay follows one-party consent for recording. Código Penal Arts. 296-300, Ley 20327 cybercrime updates, Ley 18.331 data protection, URCDP workplace rules, and EU adequacy decision explained.
Venezuela is a one-party consent country: participants may record their own conversations under the 1991 Ley sobre Protección a la Privacidad de las Comunicaciones. Third-party interception carries 3 to 6 years imprisonment.
Learn Victoria recording laws under the Surveillance Devices Act 1999. One-party consent for audio, stricter optical rules, penalties up to 2 years prison.
Vietnam is a one-party consent country: participants may record their own calls. Third-party interception violates Penal Code Art. 159. PDPL 2026 and AI Law 2026 apply.
Western Australia requires all-party consent to record private conversations under the Surveillance Devices Act 1998 s.5. Learn penalties, exceptions, and 2024 reforms.
Zimbabwe is a one-party consent country with broad state surveillance powers. Learn ICA interception rules, Cyber Data Protection Act penalties, POTRAZ licensing, and Patriot Act risks.