Federal Appeals Court Weighs Whether Norfolk's Flock License Plate Camera Network Violates the Fourth Amendment

A federal appeals court is now considering whether a city-wide network of automated license plate reader cameras is a warrantless search that violates the Fourth Amendment. The case, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, asks the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to decide whether Norfolk, Virginia's network of Flock Safety cameras (172 cameras, according to the October 2024 complaint) can track residents' movements without a warrant.

Lee Schmidt, who lives in Norfolk, and Crystal Arrington, who frequently visits the city, sued the city, arguing that the camera grid records and stores where they drive in a way the Constitution does not allow. A federal trial court ruled against them on summary judgment. They have appealed, and the dispute is now fully briefed at the Fourth Circuit.

Information last verified on June 20, 2026.

Status: This case is still developing. A federal district court granted summary judgment for the City on January 27, 2026, and the plaintiffs appealed to the Fourth Circuit (No. 26-1227). As of June 20, 2026, the appeal is fully briefed but no oral argument has been scheduled and the appeals court has not ruled. Nothing below predicts how the court will decide.

What the Case Is About

Norfolk, like hundreds of American cities, contracts with Flock Safety to operate a network of automated license plate readers. These are small, solar-powered cameras mounted on poles along roads. Each one photographs cars that pass it, and the Flock system reads the plate and stores a "vehicle fingerprint" for that car in a centralized database.

According to the complaint filed in October 2024, Norfolk's deployment includes 172 of these cameras placed throughout the city. The plaintiffs say the placement is dense enough that an ordinary resident cannot drive a normal route without being repeatedly recorded.

The data does not vanish after the camera takes the picture. According to the complaint, the system usually retains the data for thirty days, and may store it longer in specific circumstances. By accessing the stored data, a Flock system user can link together different photos of the same car and create a detailed record of its movements. Filings also describe a feature that uses artificial intelligence to create what Flock calls a "Vehicle Fingerprint," identifying a car not just by its plate but by attributes such as make, model, color, roof racks, and bumper stickers.

Lee Schmidt and Crystal Arrington argue that this combination, comprehensive coverage plus weeks of searchable storage, lets the city reconstruct where residents have been over time. They contend that doing so without a warrant is exactly the kind of dragnet the Fourth Amendment was meant to forbid. Readers who want the underlying rules can review our overview of surveillance camera laws and how courts treat government recording in public spaces.

The Legal Question: Does Carpenter Apply?

The heart of the appeal is whether a 2018 Supreme Court decision controls. In Carpenter v. United States, the Court held that the government generally needs a warrant to obtain a person's historical cell-site location information from a wireless carrier. The Court reasoned that long-term location records give the government "an all-encompassing record of the holder's whereabouts" and can reveal intimate details of a person's life, so people retain a reasonable expectation of privacy in them even though a third party holds the data.

The plaintiffs argue that a city-wide camera network does the same thing. They say tracking a driver across a city-wide network of fixed cameras over weeks is the modern equivalent of the long-term tracking Carpenter found troubling, and that the warrant requirement should follow.

The district court disagreed. After discovery, it granted summary judgment for the City, reasoning that the cameras do not capture "the whole" of a person's movements the way continuous cell-phone tracking does, and that earlier precedent treating a single trip on public roads as unprotected still governs. That holding is what the Fourth Circuit is now reviewing.

The constitutional text at issue is short. The Fourth Amendment protects "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures," and says no warrants shall issue "but upon probable cause." The fight is over how that 18th-century language applies to a 21st-century camera grid.

How This Connects to Everyday Camera Disputes

The Norfolk case is about government cameras, but the underlying anxiety, that recording technology can quietly build a detailed picture of private life, runs through the more common disputes people face with private cameras too.

Homeowners routinely wrestle with where a neighbor's camera may point and what it may record. Those questions, including reasonable expectation of privacy on your own property, are the focus of our guide to HOA security camera rules, which covers how associations and neighbors can and cannot aim cameras at shared and private spaces.

The same tension appears inside the home. Parents who install monitoring devices have to think about consent, audio recording laws, and the privacy of caregivers, all of which we break down in our explainer on nanny cam laws. Whether the camera is a government ALPR or a household device, the legal core is the same: when does recording cross from observation into an intrusion the law restricts.

Who Is Weighing In

The appeal has drawn an unusual coalition of friend-of-the-court briefs. The American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, organizations that focus on digital privacy, filed in support of the plaintiffs. So did the Cato Institute and the New Civil Liberties Alliance, groups often associated with limited-government and libertarian views.

That ideological breadth is itself notable. The Cato amicus brief, for example, argues that the warrantless collection and storage of residents' movements implicates the same indiscriminate-search concerns the Framers intended to prevent, and that sophisticated technology gathering public data can still reveal intimate details of a person's life.

The City of Norfolk and its police chief defend the program. Their position, reflected in the response brief filed on June 11, 2026, tracks the district court's reasoning: that capturing plates on public roads is not a search requiring a warrant, and that Carpenter's holding about continuous cell-phone tracking does not reach fixed cameras with limited retention.

What Happens Next

Because the case is on appeal, several things still have to happen before there is any binding outcome.

The Fourth Circuit will first decide whether to hold oral argument, which had not been scheduled as of June 20, 2026. A panel of three judges will then issue a written opinion, which can take months. The court could affirm the judgment for the City, reverse it and send the case back for further proceedings, or rule on narrower grounds.

Whatever the panel decides, the losing side could ask the full Fourth Circuit to rehear the case or petition the U.S. Supreme Court. Given the split among federal and state courts over how Carpenter applies to license plate readers, observers across the privacy and law enforcement worlds are watching for whether this case becomes a vehicle for the Supreme Court to address the issue. None of that is certain, and none of it has happened yet.

Until the Fourth Circuit rules, the legal status of city-wide ALPR networks remains contested and varies by jurisdiction. As of June 2026, many cities continue to operate these systems without a warrant requirement.

Analysis: Why This Matters

The following analysis reflects the views of the Recording Law Editorial Team.

The Norfolk case is significant less for any single city than for the question it forces into the open: whether the Fourth Amendment keeps pace with cheap, networked cameras. Automated license plate readers were once a niche tool. They are now ordinary municipal infrastructure, installed in thousands of communities, often through fast vendor contracts that never reach a city council debate. A ruling either way will shape how freely that infrastructure can expand.

The legal puzzle is genuinely hard, which is why thoughtful judges have come out differently. Carpenter drew a line at long-term, comprehensive tracking, but it expressly declined to spell out exactly where that line falls. A fixed camera that photographs you on a public street looks, at first glance, like the kind of single observation the Constitution has long allowed. Aggregate a city-wide network of those cameras and weeks of searchable storage, though, and the result starts to resemble the persistent surveillance Carpenter flagged. Reasonable readers can disagree about which description fits.

The cross-ideological amicus lineup is the detail we find most telling. When the ACLU and the Cato Institute file on the same side, the dispute has moved past ordinary partisan lines into a shared worry about state power and emerging technology. That does not predict the outcome, but it signals that the stakes are understood broadly, not just by one camp.

There are real limits to what this case can settle. A Fourth Circuit ruling would bind only the states in that circuit, and the constitutional question may not reach the Supreme Court for years, if ever. The decision also would not directly govern private cameras, the doorbell and backyard devices most people actually deal with, which are regulated by a patchwork of state recording, wiretap, and nuisance laws rather than the Fourth Amendment.

For now, the practical takeaway is simple. The rules for government camera networks are unsettled and being actively litigated, and anyone with a concrete legal problem, whether about a police ALPR program or a neighbor's camera, should talk to a licensed attorney about their specific situation rather than rely on the current uncertainty. This article is information, not legal advice.

For the broader legal landscape, including the federal case law courts are applying and how ALPR statutes vary by state, see Automated License Plate Reader (ALPR) Laws Explained.

Frequently Asked Questions

Has a court ruled that Norfolk's license plate cameras are unconstitutional?

No. As of June 20, 2026, there is no final ruling. A federal district court granted summary judgment for the City on January 27, 2026, finding the cameras did not require a warrant, and the plaintiffs appealed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (No. 26-1227) is now reviewing that decision and has not yet ruled.

What is the Schmidt v. City of Norfolk case about?

Two plaintiffs, a Norfolk resident and a woman who frequently visits the city, argue that the city's network of Flock Safety automated license plate reader cameras (172, according to the complaint) conducts an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment by recording and storing where residents drive without a warrant. The city argues that photographing plates on public roads is not a search that requires a warrant.

What is an automated license plate reader?

An automated license plate reader, or ALPR, is a camera that photographs passing vehicles, reads each license plate, and records the plate number along with the time and location. According to the complaint, Norfolk's system usually retains the data for thirty days and may store it longer in specific circumstances; according to court filings, it also uses artificial intelligence to build a 'Vehicle Fingerprint' based on features like make, color, and bumper stickers.

How does Carpenter v. United States relate to this case?

In Carpenter v. United States (2018), the Supreme Court held that the government generally needs a warrant to obtain long-term cell phone location records because they reveal an all-encompassing record of a person's movements. The plaintiffs argue a city-wide camera network does the same thing; the district court disagreed, and the Fourth Circuit will decide whether Carpenter extends to fixed ALPR cameras.

Are license plate camera networks legal in the United States?

It depends on the jurisdiction, and the law is unsettled. Many cities operate ALPR networks without a warrant requirement, and some states have passed laws addressing data retention and access. The Schmidt appeal is one of several cases testing whether the Fourth Amendment limits these systems, and as of June 2026 no nationwide rule resolves the question.

Does this case affect private home security cameras?

Not directly. Schmidt v. City of Norfolk concerns government cameras and the Fourth Amendment, which restrains the government, not private individuals. Private cameras, including doorbell, nanny, and neighbor cameras, are governed by state recording, wiretap, and privacy laws rather than the Fourth Amendment.